UPSC Notes

Constitution, Parliament, judiciary, federalism and governance — the backbone of GS Paper II.

Transparency, accountability, e-governance and citizen-centric administration.

India and its neighbourhood, groupings, treaties and global institutions.

Growth, fiscal and monetary policy, banking, budgeting and inclusive development.

Space, defence, biotechnology, IT and emerging technologies for Prelims and Mains.

Biodiversity, ecosystems, climate change, conservation and environmental governance.

Terrorism, cyber security, border management and challenges to internal stability.

Hazards, vulnerability, mitigation and India's disaster response framework.

Indus Valley to the Guptas — polity, society, art and culture of early India.

Delhi Sultanate, Mughals, Bhakti-Sufi movements and regional kingdoms.

Colonial rule, the freedom struggle and the making of modern India.

Nation-building, integration of states and India after 1947.

Diversity, social issues, urbanisation, population and empowerment.

Geomorphology, climatology, oceanography and biogeography.

Resources, agriculture, industries, settlement and economic geography.

Ethical theories, attitude, emotional intelligence and case-study foundations for GS-IV.

Cropping, food security, irrigation and agricultural policy.