With reference to Indian history, which of the following is/are the essential element/elements of the feudal system? 1. A very strong centralized political authority and a very weak provincial or local political authority 2. Emergence of administrative structure based on control and possession of land 3. Creation of lord-vassal relationship between the feudal lord and his overlord Select the correct answer using the code given below.

1. Statement 1 is incorrect. Feudal systems, both in Europe and in the Indian context (often referred to as Indian feudalism or Samantavada), are typically characterized by decentralized political authority. Power is fragmented among feudal lords who exercise significant control over their territories, leading to relatively weak centralized political authority and stronger provincial or local political authority held by these lords. 2. Statement 2 is correct. A defining characteristic of feudalism is that the administrative, social, and political structure is fundamentally based on the control and possession of land. Land grants (like jagirs or assignments to samantas) formed the basis of power and obligation. 3. Statement 3 is correct. The hierarchical relationship involving mutual obligations between a superior (overlord) and an inferior (vassal or feudal lord), often sealed by homage and fealty, is a cornerstone of the classic feudal system. The lord granted land (fief) and protection, while the vassal owed loyalty, military service, and other duties. This lord-vassal relationship was crucial. 4. Therefore, the essential elements of the feudal system mentioned are the emergence of an administrative structure based on land and the creation of a lord-vassal relationship (statements 2 and 3).