The tendency for increased litigation was visible after the introduction of the land settlement system of Lord Cornwallis in 1793. The reason for this is normally traced to which of the following provisions ?

1. The question asks for the reason behind the increased litigation following the land settlement system (Permanent Settlement) introduced by Lord Cornwallis in 1793. 2. Option (A) (Making Zamindar's position stronger vis-a-vis the ryot) is partially true as the Zamindars became landowners, but this itself doesn't directly explain the surge in litigation. 3. Option (B) (Making East India Company an overlord of Zamindars) was the reality, but the relationship dynamics between the Company and Zamindars isn't the primary driver of general litigation increase involving various parties. 4. Option (C) (Making judicial system more efficient) is generally considered incorrect. While Cornwallis did reform the judicial system, it became more complex, expensive, and prone to delays, which ironically might have contributed to litigation, but efficiency wasn't the outcome that caused it. 5. The actual reasons often cited for increased litigation after 1793 include: (i) the formalization and emphasis on written laws, courts, and procedures replacing traditional dispute resolution; (ii) the precise definition of property rights (often ignoring traditional/communal rights) which led to numerous disputes over boundaries, ownership, and dues; (iii) the complexity and unfamiliarity of the new legal system for the general populace; and (iv) the removal of administrative/revenue officers' judicial powers, leading everything to the formal courts. 6. Since none of the options (A), (B), or (C) fully or accurately captures the primary reasons normally traced for the increased litigation, Option (D) is the most appropriate answer.