With reference to the difference between the culture of Rigvedic Aryans and Indus Valley people, which of the following statements is/are correct?
1. Rigvedic Aryans used the coat of mail and helmet in warfare whereas the people of Indus Valley Civilization did not leave any evidence of using them.
2. Rigvedic Aryans knew gold, silver and copper whereas Indus Valley people knew only copper and iron.
3. Rigvedic Aryans had domesticated the horse whereas there is no evidence of Indus Valley people having been aware of this animal.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
Correct Answer: Option C
Explanation
1. Statement 1 is correct. The Rigveda mentions armor (coat of mail - varman) and helmet (sipra/sirastrana) used in warfare by the Rigvedic Aryans. In contrast, there is no definitive archaeological evidence to suggest that the Indus Valley people used such defensive gear.
2. Statement 2 is incorrect. Rigvedic Aryans were familiar with gold, silver, and copper/bronze (ayas). Indus Valley people knew gold, silver, and copper/bronze, but they did *not* know iron. The widespread use of iron began in the later Vedic period.
3. Statement 3 is correct. The horse was a significant animal for the Rigvedic Aryans, central to their military (chariots) and culture; it was domesticated. While there is some disputed evidence (like bones from Surkotada or terracotta figures), the horse was not a common or central animal in the Indus Valley Civilization, and there's no conclusive proof they widely domesticated or used it in the same way as the Aryans.
4. Therefore, statements 1 and 3 are correct.
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