The historian Barani refused to consider the state in India under Delhi Sultans as truly Islamic because

1. Ziauddin Barani, a prominent historian of the Delhi Sultanate period, critically evaluated the nature of the state. 2. Barani believed a truly Islamic state should strictly adhere to Sharia law and give prominence to Muslim theologians (Ulema). 3. He observed that the Delhi Sultans often prioritized political expediency (Zawabit) over strict Islamic law and sometimes disregarded the advice or influence of the theologians. 4. Therefore, Barani refused to consider the state as truly Islamic primarily because the Muslims theologists were often disregarded.