Consider the following dynasties : 1. Hoysala 2. Gahadavala 3. Kakatiya 4. Yadava How many of the above dynasties established their kingdoms in early eighth century AD?

1. The question asks how many of the listed dynasties established their kingdoms in the early eighth century AD (roughly 700-750 AD). 2. Hoysala Dynasty: Became prominent as feudatories of the Western Chalukyas and Rashtrakutas, establishing an independent kingdom much later, primarily from the 11th to 14th centuries. 3. Gahadavala Dynasty: Ruled the Kannauj region mainly during the 11th and 12th centuries AD. 4. Kakatiya Dynasty: Emerged as independent rulers in the Telugu-speaking region around the 12th and 13th centuries AD. 5. Yadava Dynasty (of Devagiri): Rose to power as independent rulers primarily in the late 12th and 13th centuries AD. 6. None of these dynasties established their independent kingdoms in the early eighth century AD. They rose to prominence several centuries later. 7. Therefore, the correct answer is (D) None.