Consider the following communication technologies: 1. Closed-circuit Television 2. Radio Frequency Identification 3. Wireless Local Area Network Which of the above are considered Short-Range devices/technologies?

1. Short-Range devices/technologies typically operate over distances from a few centimeters up to several hundred meters, without needing extensive infrastructure like cellular towers. 2. Closed-circuit Television (CCTV): While traditionally wired, modern CCTV systems can use wireless links for cameras. Even wired systems are typically used for local monitoring within a building or campus. The communication, whether wired or wireless, is generally contained within a limited area, fitting the context of short-range application. (Item 1 is considered short-range in this context). 3. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID): This technology uses radio waves for identification over short distances. Passive RFID works over very short ranges (cm to meters), while active RFID can reach up to 100+ meters. Both fall under the category of short-range technologies. (Item 2 is considered short-range). 4. Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN): Commonly known as Wi-Fi, WLAN is explicitly designed for providing network access within a localized area (home, office, public hotspot), typically with a range of tens to about 100 meters. It is a quintessential short-range technology. (Item 3 is considered short-range). 5. Therefore, all three listed technologies are considered Short-Range devices/technologies.