Assertion (A): The first ever Bill to make primary education compulsory in India was rejected in 1911. Reason (R): Discontent would have increased if every cultivator could read.

1. The question presents an Assertion (A) and a Reason (R) about compulsory primary education in India. 2. Assertion (A): States that the first ever Bill to make primary education compulsory in India was rejected in 1911. This is true. Gopal Krishna Gokhale introduced a private member's bill in the Imperial Legislative Council in 1910-1911 advocating for compulsory primary education, but it was ultimately rejected by the government. 3. Reason (R): States that Discontent would have increased if every cultivator could read. This reflects one of the arguments used by opponents (particularly colonial officials and conservative elements) against compulsory education. They feared that education might lead to increased political awareness and social unrest (discontent) among the masses, including cultivators. 4. Connection: The fear expressed in Reason (R) was a significant factor contributing to the official opposition and eventual rejection of Gokhale's Bill (A). The colonial administration was wary of the potential consequences of mass education. 5. Therefore, both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A. 6. This corresponds to option (A).