In our country, regrettably, teaching and learning for the examination have been our forte but the new demands of society and the future of work require critical and independent thinking, learning through doing, asking questions from multiple disciplinary perspectives on the same issue, using evidence for building arguments, and reflecting and articulation. Higher education should not 'either be a mere servant of the government policy or a passive respondent to public mood.' Higher learning is all about how to think rather than what to think. Teaching has to be re-invented.
With reference to the above passage, the following assumptions have been made :
1. Higher education is a constantly evolving subject that needs to align towards new developments in all spheres of society.
2. In our country, sufficient funds are not allocated for promoting higher education.
Which of the above assumptions is/are valid ?