The Indo-Greek kingdom set up in north Afghanistan in the beginning of the second century BC was

1. The question asks to identify the Indo-Greek kingdom set up in north Afghanistan in the beginning of the second century BC. 2. Around the early second century BC, the Greco-Bactrian king Demetrius I (son of Euthydemus I) conquered areas south of the Hindu Kush, including parts of present-day Afghanistan and northwestern India, establishing the Indo-Greek kingdom. 3. The original kingdom from which these Indo-Greek rulers emerged was Bactria, located north of the Hindu Kush (covering parts of modern Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan). The expansion into north Afghanistan and India marked the beginning of the specifically 'Indo-Greek' phase, distinct from the purely Bactrian kingdom. 4. Bactria itself, the region north of Hindu Kush (including parts of north Afghanistan), was the core area where the Hellenistic kingdom was established after Alexander's conquests and later became independent under Diodotus I around 250 BC. The establishment in north Afghanistan refers to this Hellenistic kingdom of Bactria, which then expanded south. 5. Scythia refers to regions inhabited by Scythian nomads, generally north and east of the Black Sea and Caspian Sea. 6. Zedrasia (Gedrosia) was a satrapy of the Achaemenid and Hellenistic empires, located in modern Balochistan (south). 7. Aria was another satrapy centered around Herat in western Afghanistan. 8. Therefore, the kingdom established in north Afghanistan (north of the Hindu Kush) was Bactria.