Consider the following : 1. Foreign currency convertible bonds 2. Foreign institutional investment with certain conditions 3. Global depository receipts 4. Non-resident external deposits Which of the above can be included in Foreign Direct Investments?

1. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) typically involves an investment made by a company or individual from one country into business interests located in another country, usually with the aim of establishing a lasting interest and exerting significant influence over the enterprise. 2. Item 1: Foreign currency convertible bonds (FCCBs) are bonds issued by an Indian company in a foreign currency, which can be converted into equity shares at a later date. If these bonds are converted into equity representing 10% or more of the post-issue paid-up equity capital, they are often treated as FDI. Thus, they can be included. 3. Item 2: Foreign institutional investment (FII) or Foreign Portfolio Investment (FPI) generally refers to investments in shares or debt securities without acquiring significant control (typically less than 10% equity). However, under certain conditions, if an FPI investment reaches or crosses the 10% threshold in a listed company, it may be reclassified as FDI. Thus, it can be included under specific circumstances. 4. Item 3: Global depository receipts (GDRs) are certificates issued by a depository bank representing shares in a foreign company traded locally. Investments in GDRs issued by Indian companies can be considered part of FDI if they result in acquiring a stake of 10% or more. Thus, they can be included. 5. Item 4: Non-resident external deposits (NRE deposits) are bank deposits made by Non-Resident Indians (NRIs). These are considered external debt or liabilities of the banking system, not FDI. Therefore, FCCBs, FII (under certain conditions), and GDRs can potentially be included in FDI.