A company marketing food products advertises that its items do not contain trans-fats. What does this campaign signify to the customers ? 1. The food products are not made out of hydrogenated oils. 2. The food products are not made out of animal fats/oils. 3. The oils used are not likely to damage the cardiovascular health of the consumers. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

1. Statement 1 is correct: The primary source of artificial trans-fats in processed food products is the industrial process of partial hydrogenation of vegetable oils (adding hydrogen to liquid vegetable oils to make them more solid). Therefore, a claim by a company that its items do not contain trans-fats strongly implies that such hydrogenated oils have not been used, or fully hydrogenated oils (which contain saturated fats, not trans-fats) were used. 2. Statement 2 is incorrect: While the main concern and the focus of such campaigns are typically artificial trans-fats from hydrogenation, small amounts of natural trans-fats occur in some animal fats/oils (e.g., dairy products, meat from ruminants). Thus, the claim does not necessarily mean the product is free from all animal fats/oils. 3. Statement 3 is correct: Consumption of artificial trans-fats is widely recognized as detrimental to cardiovascular health, as they raise LDL (bad) cholesterol and lower HDL (good) cholesterol. Advertising the absence of trans-fats directly appeals to health-conscious consumers, signifying that the oils used are not likely to damage their cardiovascular health through the specific mechanism associated with trans-fats. Therefore, statements 1 and 3 are the correct implications signified to customers.